except his name from the list (~を除く)
All the compositions except Ben's are good. (= All the compositions are good except Ben's. )
Except for the spelling, Ben's composition is good. (= Ben's composition is good except for the spelling. )
Everyone except me got an invitation.
I'm quite well now, except for a slight cold.
except は、「~を除いて」 で語修飾、except for は、「~を別にすれば」 で文修飾。
I have a good memory except for names and faces.
これは、except for ではなく、except が for 句にかかっている。
2007年12月16日日曜日
owe
I owe $5 to my brother. (兄に5ドル借りている)
I owe my brother $5.
I still owe three hundred thousand yen for [ on ] my car. (まだ自動車の支払いが30万円残っている。)
I owe my success to you. (私が成功したのはあなたのおかげです。)
I owe him gratitude. (彼に感謝している。)
How much do I owe you? (= How much is owing to you?)
owing の場合、主語は人ではなく、物や金銭である。
Their late arrival was owing to the rain. (= They arrived late owing to the rain.)
I owe my brother $5.
I still owe three hundred thousand yen for [ on ] my car. (まだ自動車の支払いが30万円残っている。)
I owe my success to you. (私が成功したのはあなたのおかげです。)
I owe him gratitude. (彼に感謝している。)
How much do I owe you? (= How much is owing to you?)
owing の場合、主語は人ではなく、物や金銭である。
Their late arrival was owing to the rain. (= They arrived late owing to the rain.)
2007年11月25日日曜日
接続詞
Now (that) I am a man, I think otherwise.
that は関係副詞である。となれば、意味は明らかだろう。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Be careful lest you (should) break the dish. (= Be careful so that you shoud not break the dish.)
I took my umbrella lest it (should) rain. (= I took my umbrella for fear that it should rain.)
We feared lest he (should) lose his way. (= We feared that he would [ might ] lose his way.)
Lest darkness fall.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
No matter how cold it is, she always goes swimming. (= However cold it is, she always goes swimming.)
No matter what the weather is like, the regatta will be held. (= Whatever the weather is like, the regatta will take place.)
No matter how [ what, when, where, which ] he does, I will support him.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is little, if any, hope of your success.
Correct the errors, if any.
She seldom, if ever, goes out by herself.
if any は (even) if there are any errors の省略表現だと考えられる。if ever は (even) if she ever goes out by herself の省略表現。if any は数・量について使い、if ever は頻度について使う。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
He will get better before long. (= It will not be long before he gets better. )
before long は 「まもなく」 という意味。次も同様の文。
It is ten minutes before our train leaves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
He cried as soon as he saw it.
The moment [ The instant ] he saw it, he cried.
No sooner had he seen it than he cried.
Hardly [ Scarcely ] had he seen it when [ before ] he cried.
これらの文はほぼ同じ意味。第2文は、冒頭の Now... と同じ考え方だ。
No sooner... の文は、「彼がそれを見たのは、彼が叫んだよりもちっとも早くない」 という意味。ほぼ同時だった、と言っている。
第4文では、「彼が叫んだとき(叫んだ前に)、彼はそれをほとんど見ていなかった」 という意味であり、ほぼ同時だったと言っている。
第3、第4文では強調のために否定の副詞が前に出ているので倒置が起こっている。前に出さない普通の語順の文も書ける。
that は関係副詞である。となれば、意味は明らかだろう。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Be careful lest you (should) break the dish. (= Be careful so that you shoud not break the dish.)
I took my umbrella lest it (should) rain. (= I took my umbrella for fear that it should rain.)
We feared lest he (should) lose his way. (= We feared that he would [ might ] lose his way.)
Lest darkness fall.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
No matter how cold it is, she always goes swimming. (= However cold it is, she always goes swimming.)
No matter what the weather is like, the regatta will be held. (= Whatever the weather is like, the regatta will take place.)
No matter how [ what, when, where, which ] he does, I will support him.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is little, if any, hope of your success.
Correct the errors, if any.
She seldom, if ever, goes out by herself.
if any は (even) if there are any errors の省略表現だと考えられる。if ever は (even) if she ever goes out by herself の省略表現。if any は数・量について使い、if ever は頻度について使う。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
He will get better before long. (= It will not be long before he gets better. )
before long は 「まもなく」 という意味。次も同様の文。
It is ten minutes before our train leaves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
He cried as soon as he saw it.
The moment [ The instant ] he saw it, he cried.
No sooner had he seen it than he cried.
Hardly [ Scarcely ] had he seen it when [ before ] he cried.
これらの文はほぼ同じ意味。第2文は、冒頭の Now... と同じ考え方だ。
No sooner... の文は、「彼がそれを見たのは、彼が叫んだよりもちっとも早くない」 という意味。ほぼ同時だった、と言っている。
第4文では、「彼が叫んだとき(叫んだ前に)、彼はそれをほとんど見ていなかった」 という意味であり、ほぼ同時だったと言っている。
第3、第4文では強調のために否定の副詞が前に出ているので倒置が起こっている。前に出さない普通の語順の文も書ける。
2007年11月23日金曜日
いろんな否定文
Nobody came to see me today. (今日は誰も来なかった)
I don't think it will be so cold tomorrow. (明日はそれほど寒くないと思う)
英語では否定はなるべく前に出す。また、any ... not という語順はない。その場合には、not が any に吸収されて no になる。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Never have so many women received Ph.D.degrees as today. (今日ほど多くの女性が博士号の学位を受けたことはかつてなかった)
否定の副詞が強調のために文頭に出ると、倒置が起こる。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Neither of his parents is alive. (彼の両親は両方とも生きていない)
全否定の表現。any ... not の語順がないように either ... not の語順もなく、その場合は、neither になる。だから、
Either of his parents is not alive.
という文はない。これを部分否定にすると
Not both of his parents are alive.
Both of his parents aren't alive.
になるが、あまり自然でなく、次の方が自然だということらしい。
His parents aren't both alive.
Only one of his parents is alive.
最初の文の both は主語と同格ということだろう。
----------------------------------------------------------------
I didn't understand all of his speech.
I didn't understand any of his speech.
最初のは部分否定。2番めのは全否定。any は代名詞にもなる。
----------------------------------------------------------------
以下、さまざまな否定文。
He is no fool.
He is anything but a fool.
She is not at all beautiful.
She is anything but beautiful.
I'll be the last person to ask for his help.
Who knows I love her? (私が彼女を愛していることを誰が知っていようか)
He is not at all a liar.
He is far from being a liar.
He is anything but a liar.
He would be the last person to tell a lie.
He is above telling a lie.
I am not in the least afraid of dogs. (犬なんかちっとも怖くない)
I can't for the life of me remember her address. (彼女の住所をどうしても思い出せない)
She is free of debt.
a man free from prejudice
You cannot be too careful in choosing your doctor. (医者を選ぶとき、注意しすぎるということはない)
----------------------------------------------------------------
I am not rich. Nor [ Neither ] do I wish to be.
後の文は、
I don't wish to be, either.
の意味である。否定の副詞が前に出ているので倒置が起こっている。肯定のときは、
Tom loves her. So does his father.
のようになる。後の文の意味は、
His father loves her, too [ also ].
だ。
Neither she nor I am responsible for it. (= She is not responsible for it. Nor [ Neither ] am I.
I don't think it will be so cold tomorrow. (明日はそれほど寒くないと思う)
英語では否定はなるべく前に出す。また、any ... not という語順はない。その場合には、not が any に吸収されて no になる。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Never have so many women received Ph.D.degrees as today. (今日ほど多くの女性が博士号の学位を受けたことはかつてなかった)
否定の副詞が強調のために文頭に出ると、倒置が起こる。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Neither of his parents is alive. (彼の両親は両方とも生きていない)
全否定の表現。any ... not の語順がないように either ... not の語順もなく、その場合は、neither になる。だから、
という文はない。これを部分否定にすると
Not both of his parents are alive.
Both of his parents aren't alive.
になるが、あまり自然でなく、次の方が自然だということらしい。
His parents aren't both alive.
Only one of his parents is alive.
最初の文の both は主語と同格ということだろう。
----------------------------------------------------------------
I didn't understand all of his speech.
I didn't understand any of his speech.
最初のは部分否定。2番めのは全否定。any は代名詞にもなる。
----------------------------------------------------------------
以下、さまざまな否定文。
He is no fool.
He is anything but a fool.
She is not at all beautiful.
She is anything but beautiful.
I'll be the last person to ask for his help.
Who knows I love her? (私が彼女を愛していることを誰が知っていようか)
He is not at all a liar.
He is far from being a liar.
He is anything but a liar.
He would be the last person to tell a lie.
He is above telling a lie.
I am not in the least afraid of dogs. (犬なんかちっとも怖くない)
I can't for the life of me remember her address. (彼女の住所をどうしても思い出せない)
She is free of debt.
a man free from prejudice
You cannot be too careful in choosing your doctor. (医者を選ぶとき、注意しすぎるということはない)
----------------------------------------------------------------
I am not rich. Nor [ Neither ] do I wish to be.
後の文は、
I don't wish to be, either.
の意味である。否定の副詞が前に出ているので倒置が起こっている。肯定のときは、
Tom loves her. So does his father.
のようになる。後の文の意味は、
His father loves her, too [ also ].
だ。
Neither she nor I am responsible for it. (= She is not responsible for it. Nor [ Neither ] am I.
否定+比較級(2)
まず、no と not の違い。no は not よりも感情がこもっており、
It's not easy.
It's no easy.
を比べると、前者は、「それはやさしくない」 だが、後者は 「それはちっともやさしくない」 とか 「それはやさしいなんてもんじゃない」 とか、そういう感じになる。
The baby is no bigger than this doll.
He is no more wounded than you are.
Work is not the object of life any more than play is. (= Work is no more the object of life than play is. )
これらの例文も not を使った場合は単なる比較級であるが、no を使うと、
「その赤ちゃんはこの人形よりちっとも大きくない」、「その赤ちゃんはこの人形程度の大きさしかない」
「彼はあなたよりわずかに負傷しているということもない」、「彼はあなた程度にさえ負傷していない」、「彼はあなた同様、負傷していない」
「仕事は遊び以上にさえ人生の目的ではない」、「仕事は遊び同様、人生の目的ではない」
のようになる。つまり、単なる比較級と違い、イコールの関係があるということだ。さらに、than 以下には「否定的な感じのもの」 をおき、それよりわずかに上回ることもない、その程度でしかない、という意味を表す。
Money is no less important than love.
こういう劣等比較(というのか?)に no が使われた場合も普通の比較級とは違い、イコールの関係をあらわす。先と違うのは、than 以下に 「肯定的な感じのもの」 をおき、それよりわずかに下回ることもない、それと同等だ、という意味になる。この例文も
「お金は愛よりちっとも劣らずに重要だ」、「お金は愛と同じように重要だ」 となる。
他にも例文を挙げる。
It cost no more than 10 pence. (= It cost 10 pence only. )
It cost not more than 10 pence. (= It cost 10 pence at most. )
It cost no less than 100 pounds. (= It cost as much as 100 pounds. )
It cost not less than 100 pounds. (= It cost 100 pounds at least. )
In the park there are no less [ fewer ] than two hundred trees. (= In the park there are as many as two hundred trees. )
1つ前にやった
Nothing less than an attack was expected.
だが、これは、「攻撃より小さくないもの」、「攻撃よりちっとも小さくないもの」 が期待されている、という意味で、「すくなくとも攻撃が予測されている」、「まさに攻撃が予測されている」 という意味だ。
It's not easy.
It's no easy.
を比べると、前者は、「それはやさしくない」 だが、後者は 「それはちっともやさしくない」 とか 「それはやさしいなんてもんじゃない」 とか、そういう感じになる。
The baby is no bigger than this doll.
He is no more wounded than you are.
Work is not the object of life any more than play is. (= Work is no more the object of life than play is. )
これらの例文も not を使った場合は単なる比較級であるが、no を使うと、
「その赤ちゃんはこの人形よりちっとも大きくない」、「その赤ちゃんはこの人形程度の大きさしかない」
「彼はあなたよりわずかに負傷しているということもない」、「彼はあなた程度にさえ負傷していない」、「彼はあなた同様、負傷していない」
「仕事は遊び以上にさえ人生の目的ではない」、「仕事は遊び同様、人生の目的ではない」
のようになる。つまり、単なる比較級と違い、イコールの関係があるということだ。さらに、than 以下には「否定的な感じのもの」 をおき、それよりわずかに上回ることもない、その程度でしかない、という意味を表す。
Money is no less important than love.
こういう劣等比較(というのか?)に no が使われた場合も普通の比較級とは違い、イコールの関係をあらわす。先と違うのは、than 以下に 「肯定的な感じのもの」 をおき、それよりわずかに下回ることもない、それと同等だ、という意味になる。この例文も
「お金は愛よりちっとも劣らずに重要だ」、「お金は愛と同じように重要だ」 となる。
他にも例文を挙げる。
It cost no more than 10 pence. (= It cost 10 pence only. )
It cost not more than 10 pence. (= It cost 10 pence at most. )
It cost no less than 100 pounds. (= It cost as much as 100 pounds. )
It cost not less than 100 pounds. (= It cost 100 pounds at least. )
In the park there are no less [ fewer ] than two hundred trees. (= In the park there are as many as two hundred trees. )
1つ前にやった
Nothing less than an attack was expected.
だが、これは、「攻撃より小さくないもの」、「攻撃よりちっとも小さくないもの」 が期待されている、という意味で、「すくなくとも攻撃が予測されている」、「まさに攻撃が予測されている」 という意味だ。
否定+比較級(1)
最上級と同じ意味になる場合がある。次のような感じ。
Nothing is more precious than time. (= Time is the most precious thing of all. )
Man thinks of nothing less than of death. (= Man thinks the least of death. )
Nothing was less expected than an attack. (= An attack was the least expected. )
最後の例文と似ているが、
Nothing less than an attack was expected.
は、最上級の意味ではない。これについては次でやる。
Nothing is more precious than time. (= Time is the most precious thing of all. )
Man thinks of nothing less than of death. (= Man thinks the least of death. )
Nothing was less expected than an attack. (= An attack was the least expected. )
最後の例文と似ているが、
Nothing less than an attack was expected.
は、最上級の意味ではない。これについては次でやる。
2007年11月18日日曜日
比較表現(8) the 比較級
The higher you go, the tinner the air becomes.
The more students use English, the better they will become at using English.
The harder I tried to answer the question, the more difficult it seemed for me.
The older it is and the more we are accustomed to it, the greater the effect it produces upon us.
これらは、「the 比較級, the 比較級」 の例文。「~であればあるほど、それだけ・・・」 という意味になる。前にある 「the 比較級」 が 「~あればあるほど」 を示すが、次のような文もある。
Notwithstanding all the boy's mischiefs, his mother loved her boy. It seemed as though she loved him the better the worse he behaved.
「~であればあるほど」 を示す 「the 比較級」 がないこともある。その場合は、「それだけ・・・」 がどれだけなのかを示す別の語句が現れる。
I like the girl all the better for her modesty.
He proved that a poet could write fiction in prose and would do it the better for being a poet.
Evil deeds are the more attractive just because they are forbidden.
If you forbid him to read these books he will want to read them all the more, because they will have the charm of being illegal.
Bill said that he loved her the less for her faults.
「the 比較級」 の前に none を置いて否定することができる。上の最後の文の意味は、「欠点があればあるほど彼女のことを好きでなくなるとビルは言った。」 であるが、これを変化させて
Bill said that he loved her none the less for her faults.
とできる。今度の意味は、「欠点があればあるほど好きでなくなるということは決してないとビルは言った」 になる。「欠点があってもやっぱり彼女を愛している、とビルは言った」 くらいに訳す。
同様の例文は以下のとおり。
The child was scolded very often, but he is none the less mischievous. (= The child was scolded very often, but he is not any the less mischievous. )
She looks none the more beautiful for her new dress.
The more students use English, the better they will become at using English.
The harder I tried to answer the question, the more difficult it seemed for me.
The older it is and the more we are accustomed to it, the greater the effect it produces upon us.
これらは、「the 比較級, the 比較級」 の例文。「~であればあるほど、それだけ・・・」 という意味になる。前にある 「the 比較級」 が 「~あればあるほど」 を示すが、次のような文もある。
Notwithstanding all the boy's mischiefs, his mother loved her boy. It seemed as though she loved him the better the worse he behaved.
「~であればあるほど」 を示す 「the 比較級」 がないこともある。その場合は、「それだけ・・・」 がどれだけなのかを示す別の語句が現れる。
I like the girl all the better for her modesty.
He proved that a poet could write fiction in prose and would do it the better for being a poet.
Evil deeds are the more attractive just because they are forbidden.
If you forbid him to read these books he will want to read them all the more, because they will have the charm of being illegal.
Bill said that he loved her the less for her faults.
「the 比較級」 の前に none を置いて否定することができる。上の最後の文の意味は、「欠点があればあるほど彼女のことを好きでなくなるとビルは言った。」 であるが、これを変化させて
Bill said that he loved her none the less for her faults.
とできる。今度の意味は、「欠点があればあるほど好きでなくなるということは決してないとビルは言った」 になる。「欠点があってもやっぱり彼女を愛している、とビルは言った」 くらいに訳す。
同様の例文は以下のとおり。
The child was scolded very often, but he is none the less mischievous. (= The child was scolded very often, but he is not any the less mischievous. )
She looks none the more beautiful for her new dress.
比較表現(7)慣用表現
She knew better than to ask such a stupid question.
know better で 「分別がある」 という意味。than ~ がつくと 「~より分別がある」 ということだが、~には人ではなく物事が入る。「分別があるから~はしない」、「~するほど馬鹿ではない」 という意味になる。
先の例文は、「彼女はそんな馬鹿げた質問をするほど愚かではなかった」 という意味。
You have only a short holiday, so you should make the most of it.
make the most of ~ で 「~を最大限に利用する」 という意味。
know better で 「分別がある」 という意味。than ~ がつくと 「~より分別がある」 ということだが、~には人ではなく物事が入る。「分別があるから~はしない」、「~するほど馬鹿ではない」 という意味になる。
先の例文は、「彼女はそんな馬鹿げた質問をするほど愚かではなかった」 という意味。
You have only a short holiday, so you should make the most of it.
make the most of ~ で 「~を最大限に利用する」 という意味。
比較表現(6)比較級を使わない表現
be superior to (~より優れている)
be inferior to (~より劣っている)
be senior to (~より年上である)
be junior to (~より年下である)
be preferable to (~より好ましい)
以下、例文。
I believe that good books are superior to most TV programs in educating children.
For a growing child a small town seems to be preferable to a large city.
A is three years senior to B. (= A is three years older than B.)
A is senior to B by three years. (= A is older than B by three years.)
be inferior to (~より劣っている)
be senior to (~より年上である)
be junior to (~より年下である)
be preferable to (~より好ましい)
以下、例文。
I believe that good books are superior to most TV programs in educating children.
For a growing child a small town seems to be preferable to a large city.
A is three years senior to B. (= A is three years older than B.)
A is senior to B by three years. (= A is older than B by three years.)
比較表現(5)関係代名詞を兼ねる場合
比較表現(4)最上級の表現 の中の例文
Yoko is as charming a girl as I have ever come across.
の2番めの as は関係代名詞も兼ねている。この用法は than にもあって
There is more money than is needed.
と書くことができる。この文の意味は、「必要とされるより多い金がある」 だ。
Yoko is as charming a girl as I have ever come across.
の2番めの as は関係代名詞も兼ねている。この用法は than にもあって
There is more money than is needed.
と書くことができる。この文の意味は、「必要とされるより多い金がある」 だ。
比較表現(4)最上級の表現
Yoko is the most charming of all the girls that I have ever come across.
これは最上級を使った表現。比較級を使って同じことを表すと
Yoko is more charming than any other girl that I have ever come across.
になる。than any other の後は単数名詞になることに注意。各々と1つずつ比較して、より charming だと言っているわけだ。原級を使うこともできて、
Yoko is as charming as any (other) girl that I have ever come across.
こうなる。「どんな~にも劣らず」 という訳し方をすることが多いという。
他にもいろいろな表現がある。
Yoko is the most charming girl that I have ever come across.
I have never come across a more charming girl than Yoko.
No other girl (that I have ever come across) is more charming than Yoko.
I have never come across such a charming girl as Yoko.
I have never come across a girl as charming as Yoko.
Yoko is as charming a girl as I have ever come across.
No other girl (that I have ever come across) is as charming as Yoko.
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比較級 than any other と同じ内容を 「時」 に対して使って、「これまでのどの時代よりも」 と言う場合は、
Human life today is longer and helthier than ever (before) in the history of the world.
のように、than ever (before) を使う。
これは最上級を使った表現。比較級を使って同じことを表すと
Yoko is more charming than any other girl that I have ever come across.
になる。than any other の後は単数名詞になることに注意。各々と1つずつ比較して、より charming だと言っているわけだ。原級を使うこともできて、
Yoko is as charming as any (other) girl that I have ever come across.
こうなる。「どんな~にも劣らず」 という訳し方をすることが多いという。
他にもいろいろな表現がある。
Yoko is the most charming girl that I have ever come across.
I have never come across a more charming girl than Yoko.
No other girl (that I have ever come across) is more charming than Yoko.
I have never come across such a charming girl as Yoko.
I have never come across a girl as charming as Yoko.
Yoko is as charming a girl as I have ever come across.
No other girl (that I have ever come across) is as charming as Yoko.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
比較級 than any other と同じ内容を 「時」 に対して使って、「これまでのどの時代よりも」 と言う場合は、
Human life today is longer and helthier than ever (before) in the history of the world.
のように、than ever (before) を使う。
比較表現(3)
My father is wiser than I.
この文の意味は 「父は私よりも賢い」 となる。これは次の2文
My father is wise.
I am wise.
を比較したものだ。では
My father is wise.
My father is intelligent.
を比較して、「父は知的というよりは賢い」 という場合はこうなる。
My father is wise rather than intelligent.
My father is not so much intelligent as wise.
これは、比較表現(1)の
He is not so much a writer as a journalist. (= He is a journalist rather than a writer. )
とまったく同じだ。ただ、この場合は
My father is more wise than intelligent.
と表現することもできる。wiser ではないことに注意。
-----------------------------------------------------------------
This color is the better of the two for the new design.
This color is the best of the three for the new design.
この2文の違いは、色数が2つか3つかだけだ。3つ以上の場合は最上級を使うが、2つの場合は比較級を使い、かつ the をつけることになる。
この文の意味は 「父は私よりも賢い」 となる。これは次の2文
My father is wise.
I am wise.
を比較したものだ。では
My father is wise.
My father is intelligent.
を比較して、「父は知的というよりは賢い」 という場合はこうなる。
My father is wise rather than intelligent.
My father is not so much intelligent as wise.
これは、比較表現(1)の
He is not so much a writer as a journalist. (= He is a journalist rather than a writer. )
とまったく同じだ。ただ、この場合は
My father is more wise than intelligent.
と表現することもできる。wiser ではないことに注意。
-----------------------------------------------------------------
This color is the better of the two for the new design.
This color is the best of the three for the new design.
この2文の違いは、色数が2つか3つかだけだ。3つ以上の場合は最上級を使うが、2つの場合は比較級を使い、かつ the をつけることになる。
2007年11月17日土曜日
比較表現(2)倍数表現
China is large.
China is as large as Japan.
China is twenty times as large as Japan.
上から順に
「中国は広い」
「中国は日本と同じくらい広い」
「中国は日本の20倍広い」
となる。as ~ as ... の前に twice (2倍)、half (半分)、three times (3倍)、one-fifth (5分の1)等を置く。3つ目の文は次のようにも書ける。
Japan is one-twentieth as large as China. (「日本は中国の20分の1の広さだ」)
比較級を使う場合も同様にやる。
China is larger than Japan.
China is twenty times larger than Japan.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Could you speak slowly? (「ゆっくり話してもらえますか」)
これを 「(今話しているより)もっとゆっくり話してもらえますか」 にすると、
Could you speak more slowly ( than you are speaking now) ?
になる。「2倍ゆっくり」 ならば
Could you speak twice more slowly ( than you are speaking now) ?
になる。これを原級で表現すれば
Could you speak twice as slowly (as you are speaking now) ?
になる。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
「2倍の」、「半分の」 が名詞(句、節)にかかる場合はその直前におく。
I bought this computer at half the regular price.
His salary is double what it was seven years ago.
This jet can fly at twice the speed of sound.
「3倍の」 とか 「5分の1の」 なども同様にやってよいものか・・・?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
「彼はあなたの3倍の本をもっている」 を英語にすると、原級と比較級を使って2通りに書ける。
He has three times as many books as you have.
He has three times more books than you.
これを 「彼はあなたの何倍の本をもっていますか」 という疑問文にすると、
How many times as many books as you have does he have?
How many times more books does he have than you?
になるが、ネイティブには後者の方が自然に感じられるという。しかし、そもそも英米人は 「何倍」 とか 「何番目」 とかいう発想をあまりしないそうなので、こういう文が使われることもあまりないそうだ。
先の疑問文を少し変えて、「彼はあなたの何倍の本をもっていると思いますか」 にすると
How many times as many books as you have do you think he has?
How many times more books do you think he has than you?
になる。
最初、この疑問文をつくるとき、
What times as many books as you have do you think he has?
としてしまったのだが、これは間違い。これが正しいとすると、「何冊の本をもっていますか」 という疑問文が
What books do you have?
になってしまうから。これだと 「あなたは何の本をもっていますか」 という意味になる。
China is as large as Japan.
China is twenty times as large as Japan.
上から順に
「中国は広い」
「中国は日本と同じくらい広い」
「中国は日本の20倍広い」
となる。as ~ as ... の前に twice (2倍)、half (半分)、three times (3倍)、one-fifth (5分の1)等を置く。3つ目の文は次のようにも書ける。
Japan is one-twentieth as large as China. (「日本は中国の20分の1の広さだ」)
比較級を使う場合も同様にやる。
China is larger than Japan.
China is twenty times larger than Japan.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Could you speak slowly? (「ゆっくり話してもらえますか」)
これを 「(今話しているより)もっとゆっくり話してもらえますか」 にすると、
Could you speak more slowly ( than you are speaking now) ?
になる。「2倍ゆっくり」 ならば
Could you speak twice more slowly ( than you are speaking now) ?
になる。これを原級で表現すれば
Could you speak twice as slowly (as you are speaking now) ?
になる。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
「2倍の」、「半分の」 が名詞(句、節)にかかる場合はその直前におく。
I bought this computer at half the regular price.
His salary is double what it was seven years ago.
This jet can fly at twice the speed of sound.
「3倍の」 とか 「5分の1の」 なども同様にやってよいものか・・・?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
「彼はあなたの3倍の本をもっている」 を英語にすると、原級と比較級を使って2通りに書ける。
He has three times as many books as you have.
He has three times more books than you.
これを 「彼はあなたの何倍の本をもっていますか」 という疑問文にすると、
How many times as many books as you have does he have?
How many times more books does he have than you?
になるが、ネイティブには後者の方が自然に感じられるという。しかし、そもそも英米人は 「何倍」 とか 「何番目」 とかいう発想をあまりしないそうなので、こういう文が使われることもあまりないそうだ。
先の疑問文を少し変えて、「彼はあなたの何倍の本をもっていると思いますか」 にすると
How many times as many books as you have do you think he has?
How many times more books do you think he has than you?
になる。
最初、この疑問文をつくるとき、
What times as many books as you have do you think he has?
としてしまったのだが、これは間違い。これが正しいとすると、「何冊の本をもっていますか」 という疑問文が
What books do you have?
になってしまうから。これだと 「あなたは何の本をもっていますか」 という意味になる。
比較表現(1)
He is not so much a writer as a journalist. (= He is a journalist rather than a writer. )
He cannot so much as write his own name. (= He cannot even write his own name. )
He went out without so much as saying "Good-bye!" (~もなしに)
--------------------------------------
He has two girlfriends, but he wishes to have as many more.
これは、as many の後に as that が省略されていると考える。that は 「2人のガールフレンド」 のことだ。つまり、「あと(2人のガールフレンドと)同じ数だけ欲しい」 ということ。
The children were working like so many ants.
The boys climbed the tree like so many monkeys.
これも、それぞれ ants, monkeys の後に as that が省略されていると考える。つまり、「子供たち(少年たち)と同数の蟻(サル)のように」 という意味。全体の訳はそれぞれ、
「子供たちはまるで蟻のように働いていた。」
「少年たちはまるでサルのように木に登った。」
となる。
as many, as much, as wise, as beautiful ...... とあったら、その後に as that が省略されていて、many や wise の意味を文脈に合わせて限定的にしていると考えるわけだ。
He cannot so much as write his own name. (= He cannot even write his own name. )
He went out without so much as saying "Good-bye!" (~もなしに)
--------------------------------------
He has two girlfriends, but he wishes to have as many more.
これは、as many の後に as that が省略されていると考える。that は 「2人のガールフレンド」 のことだ。つまり、「あと(2人のガールフレンドと)同じ数だけ欲しい」 ということ。
The children were working like so many ants.
The boys climbed the tree like so many monkeys.
これも、それぞれ ants, monkeys の後に as that が省略されていると考える。つまり、「子供たち(少年たち)と同数の蟻(サル)のように」 という意味。全体の訳はそれぞれ、
「子供たちはまるで蟻のように働いていた。」
「少年たちはまるでサルのように木に登った。」
となる。
as many, as much, as wise, as beautiful ...... とあったら、その後に as that が省略されていて、many や wise の意味を文脈に合わせて限定的にしていると考えるわけだ。
concerning
an article concerning the financial situation (~について。「財政事情に関する記事」。)
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that ... (~に関して言えば)
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that ... (~に関して言えば)
concern
The story concerns a prince and a poor boy. (~に関することである)
The project concerned all the people living in that area. (~に関係する、影響する)
He was concerned in the crime. (be concerned で、「関心がある、関係している」)
Don't concern yourself with [ about, in ] other people's affairs. (oneself を O として、「関係している、関心がある」
The organization is concerned with the welfare of the aged.
I am concerned to tell you what has become of her. (be concerned to do で、「~したい」)
Their son's illness concerns them greatly. (~を心配させる)
They are greatly concerned about their son's illness.
We are concerned for [ about ] his safety.
I'm concerned that you lost. (「君が負けたので私は心配している。」 この that 節は副詞節になっている)
As [ So ] far as I'm concerned, I have no complaint. (~に関する限り。「私に関する限り、不満はありません」)
名詞としては、「関心事、重大事」、「関心、気遣い」、「関係、利害関係」 の意味。
The project concerned all the people living in that area. (~に関係する、影響する)
He was concerned in the crime. (be concerned で、「関心がある、関係している」)
Don't concern yourself with [ about, in ] other people's affairs. (oneself を O として、「関係している、関心がある」
The organization is concerned with the welfare of the aged.
I am concerned to tell you what has become of her. (be concerned to do で、「~したい」)
Their son's illness concerns them greatly. (~を心配させる)
They are greatly concerned about their son's illness.
We are concerned for [ about ] his safety.
I'm concerned that you lost. (「君が負けたので私は心配している。」 この that 節は副詞節になっている)
As [ So ] far as I'm concerned, I have no complaint. (~に関する限り。「私に関する限り、不満はありません」)
名詞としては、「関心事、重大事」、「関心、気遣い」、「関係、利害関係」 の意味。
2007年10月28日日曜日
clothes, clothe, clothing, cloth
clothes は集合的で複数扱い。『衣服』 という意味。
two changes of clothes (着替え2着)
Do you have many [much] everyday clothes ?
No, I have only two suits of clothes. These clothes are not mine.
clothe は動詞。
be clothed in silk (絹の服を着ている)
clothe oneself in one's best (晴れ着を着る)
clothing は不可算名詞で 『衣類』、『衣料品』 という意味。
an article of clothing (衣類1点)
a piece of clothing
Don't wear much clothing. (厚着するな)
cloth は『布(地)』 なら不可算名詞、『布切れ』 とか 『帆』 なら可算名詞。
two yards of cloth (布地2ヤード)
two changes of clothes (着替え2着)
Do you have many [much] everyday clothes ?
No, I have only two suits of clothes. These clothes are not mine.
clothe は動詞。
be clothed in silk (絹の服を着ている)
clothe oneself in one's best (晴れ着を着る)
clothing は不可算名詞で 『衣類』、『衣料品』 という意味。
an article of clothing (衣類1点)
a piece of clothing
Don't wear much clothing. (厚着するな)
cloth は『布(地)』 なら不可算名詞、『布切れ』 とか 『帆』 なら可算名詞。
two yards of cloth (布地2ヤード)
information
『情報』、『知識』、『知らせること』 という意味の不可算名詞。
ask for information as to where she lives
a piece of information
a bit of information
ask for information as to where she lives
a piece of information
a bit of information
make a point of
We made a point of his going there. (重視する、主張する)
I make a point of doing my teeth before I go to bed. (必ず~する、きまって~する)
I make a point of doing my teeth before I go to bed. (必ず~する、きまって~する)
2007年10月7日日曜日
動詞+前置詞、動詞+副詞(2)
I can get along without your help. (なんとかやっていく、うまくいく)
How are you getting along in your new job?
When the bus stopped, we got on. (乗る)
get on the plane
How are you getting on with your new work? (なんとかやっていく、うまくいく)
They get on very well. (仲良くやっていく)
They got off at the next bus stop. (降りる)
get off the bus
get out of the car (car, taxi, boat のような小さい乗り物の場合)
get down from the bus ((高いところから)降りる)
get the book down from the shelf (降ろす)
A smile broke out on her face. (急に発生する)
Laura broke down when she heard of her mother's death. (参る、取り乱す)
The car broke down. (故障する)
Talks between the two countries have completely broken down. (行き詰まる、駄目になる)
The police had to break down the door to get into the house. (ぶっ壊す)
He started speaking and then broke off in the middle of a sentence. (急にやめる)
He broke off their friendship when he caught her lying. (関係を断ち切る)
The waiter broke in on our conversation to tell me I had a phone call. (話に割り込む)
Thieves broke in. (押し入る)
The meeting broke up just before lunch. (解散する)
The police arrived and broke up the fight. (解散させる、終わらせる)
Stars come out at night. (日・月・星が現れる)
This shrub comes out in May. (= This shrub blooms in May)
drop in[by] on him (ひょいと立ち寄る)
drop in[by] at his house
drop in[by] for a cup of coffee
We got together and discussed it. (集まる)
get together on the plan (= agree on the plan)
I'll just get my things together and then we'll go. (集める)
give in to his views (屈服する、受け入れる、降参する)
The enemy finally gave in.
give the examination papers in to the teacher (提出する、手渡す)
A car went by. (通り過ぎる、経過する)
He passed away peacefully. (死ぬ、亡くなる)
The rainy season has set in. (= It has set in to rain.) (始まる)
before influenza sets in (定着する)
sit up straight (正座する)
sit up (till) late at night (夜更かしする)
sit up for him (彼を寝ずに待つ)
sit up with him (彼を寝ずに看病する)
Don't stay up for me, I may be home late. (起きている)
He stands out most in the class. (目立つ)
Things will pick up (= improve).
The policeman told me to pull up (= stop) in front of his car.
The representatives made a plan for the school festival and the other students carried it out.
He carried on (= continue) with his experiment.
I tried to carry on (= continue) the investigation on my own.
You should always look up new words in the dictionary. (辞書などで調べる)
What brought about (= cause) your change in attitude ?
I can't figure it out. (理解する)
I can't make him out. (理解する)
Put down (= write) your address and phone number here, please.
His application was turned down (= reject).
The football match was called off (= cancel) because of the bad weather.
I succeeded in cutting him down by $5. (切り詰める、割引させる)
I succeeded in cutting him down to $3.
keep up with times (遅れないでついていく)
keep up (= maintain) one's appearances
This doesn’t make sense. I think the typist has left out a line. (省く)
I can never pick him out among them. (選び出す、見分ける)
pull down (= destroy) that building
put aside (= save) some money
put aside one's work (片付ける、仕事を片付ける)
put aside one's anger (片付ける、怒りをしずめる)
We have to put up with the bad weather. (我慢する)
strike out (= erase) her last remark
I was taken in by his stories and gave him some money. (だます)
I've taken up (= start) yoga recently.
We used up (= exhaust) all the butter at breakfast.
You'll have to work very hard today to make up for the time you wasted yesterday. (埋め合わせる)
Our money is running out. (尽きる)
I have run out of beer. (使い果たす)
He could not catch up the leader. (努力して追いつく)
He could not catch up with the leader. (追いつく)
We should do away with these old rules. (廃止する)
I can get along without your help. (なんとかやっていく)
They are getting along very nicely with each other. (うまくやっていく)
I got through a great deal of work. (やり終える)
I got through with a great deal of work. (やり終える)
put up with her (人の家に泊まる)
put up at a hotel (場所に泊まる)
stay away from a school (休む、欠席する)
Keep away from the town center this weekend. (から遠ざかっている)
What sports do you go in for ? (好む)
I don't go in for that sort of thing.
Engineers have come up with new ways of saving energy. (思いつく)
How are you getting along in your new job?
When the bus stopped, we got on. (乗る)
get on the plane
How are you getting on with your new work? (なんとかやっていく、うまくいく)
They get on very well. (仲良くやっていく)
They got off at the next bus stop. (降りる)
get off the bus
get out of the car (car, taxi, boat のような小さい乗り物の場合)
get down from the bus ((高いところから)降りる)
get the book down from the shelf (降ろす)
A smile broke out on her face. (急に発生する)
Laura broke down when she heard of her mother's death. (参る、取り乱す)
The car broke down. (故障する)
Talks between the two countries have completely broken down. (行き詰まる、駄目になる)
The police had to break down the door to get into the house. (ぶっ壊す)
He started speaking and then broke off in the middle of a sentence. (急にやめる)
He broke off their friendship when he caught her lying. (関係を断ち切る)
The waiter broke in on our conversation to tell me I had a phone call. (話に割り込む)
Thieves broke in. (押し入る)
The meeting broke up just before lunch. (解散する)
The police arrived and broke up the fight. (解散させる、終わらせる)
Stars come out at night. (日・月・星が現れる)
This shrub comes out in May. (= This shrub blooms in May)
drop in[by] on him (ひょいと立ち寄る)
drop in[by] at his house
drop in[by] for a cup of coffee
We got together and discussed it. (集まる)
get together on the plan (= agree on the plan)
I'll just get my things together and then we'll go. (集める)
give in to his views (屈服する、受け入れる、降参する)
The enemy finally gave in.
give the examination papers in to the teacher (提出する、手渡す)
A car went by. (通り過ぎる、経過する)
He passed away peacefully. (死ぬ、亡くなる)
The rainy season has set in. (= It has set in to rain.) (始まる)
before influenza sets in (定着する)
sit up straight (正座する)
sit up (till) late at night (夜更かしする)
sit up for him (彼を寝ずに待つ)
sit up with him (彼を寝ずに看病する)
Don't stay up for me, I may be home late. (起きている)
He stands out most in the class. (目立つ)
Things will pick up (= improve).
The policeman told me to pull up (= stop) in front of his car.
The representatives made a plan for the school festival and the other students carried it out.
He carried on (= continue) with his experiment.
I tried to carry on (= continue) the investigation on my own.
You should always look up new words in the dictionary. (辞書などで調べる)
What brought about (= cause) your change in attitude ?
I can't figure it out. (理解する)
I can't make him out. (理解する)
Put down (= write) your address and phone number here, please.
His application was turned down (= reject).
The football match was called off (= cancel) because of the bad weather.
I succeeded in cutting him down by $5. (切り詰める、割引させる)
I succeeded in cutting him down to $3.
keep up with times (遅れないでついていく)
keep up (= maintain) one's appearances
This doesn’t make sense. I think the typist has left out a line. (省く)
I can never pick him out among them. (選び出す、見分ける)
pull down (= destroy) that building
put aside (= save) some money
put aside one's work (片付ける、仕事を片付ける)
put aside one's anger (片付ける、怒りをしずめる)
We have to put up with the bad weather. (我慢する)
strike out (= erase) her last remark
I was taken in by his stories and gave him some money. (だます)
I've taken up (= start) yoga recently.
We used up (= exhaust) all the butter at breakfast.
You'll have to work very hard today to make up for the time you wasted yesterday. (埋め合わせる)
Our money is running out. (尽きる)
I have run out of beer. (使い果たす)
He could not catch up the leader. (努力して追いつく)
He could not catch up with the leader. (追いつく)
We should do away with these old rules. (廃止する)
I can get along without your help. (なんとかやっていく)
They are getting along very nicely with each other. (うまくやっていく)
I got through a great deal of work. (やり終える)
I got through with a great deal of work. (やり終える)
put up with her (人の家に泊まる)
put up at a hotel (場所に泊まる)
stay away from a school (休む、欠席する)
Keep away from the town center this weekend. (から遠ざかっている)
What sports do you go in for ? (好む)
I don't go in for that sort of thing.
Engineers have come up with new ways of saving energy. (思いつく)
2007年9月23日日曜日
charge
They charged me (twelve dollars) for the broken window.
物が主語の場合は、
It cost me twelve dollars to have the broken window repaired.
charge oneself with the care of the children (ゆだねる、負わせる、託す)
The judge has charged the jury to make a fair decision over the case. (指令する、説諭する)
He was charged with assault and battery. (= He was accused of assault and battery.)
charge his glass with wine
charge for admission
物が主語の場合は、
It cost me twelve dollars to have the broken window repaired.
charge oneself with the care of the children (ゆだねる、負わせる、託す)
The judge has charged the jury to make a fair decision over the case. (指令する、説諭する)
He was charged with assault and battery. (= He was accused of assault and battery.)
charge his glass with wine
charge for admission
rob, deprive
She was robbed of her rings last night.
They robbed the bank of its money.
People were deprived of their political rights.
They robbed the bank of its money.
People were deprived of their political rights.
2007年9月22日土曜日
accuse, blame
accuse her of stealing a car (訴える)
accuse him of carelessness (= blame him for carelessness)
They blamed her for having left there.
I blamed the accident on him. = I blamed him for the accident.
He is to blame for it. = He is to be blamed for it. (責任がある、責めを負うべきである)
accuse him of carelessness (= blame him for carelessness)
They blamed her for having left there.
I blamed the accident on him. = I blamed him for the accident.
He is to blame for it. = He is to be blamed for it. (責任がある、責めを負うべきである)
動詞+名詞+前置詞
Would you take part in the project? (= participate in, join)
He took advantage of the good weather to do some gardening. (~を利用する)
She gains[gets] an advantage over me in speaking Chinese. (~をしのぐ、~より勝る)
He had the advantage of knowing the language. (~という強みをもつ)
I take [have] (a) pride in my parents. (~を自慢する、誇りにする)
take [have, cast, get, give, shoot, steal, throw] a look at ~ (~を見る)
take a good [close] look at the paper.
No fault is found with his work. = We cannot find fault with his work. (= criticize)
give rise to misunderstandings (= cause)
Don't make fun of him because he cannot write his name. (~をからかう)
make little of ~ (~をけなす、少ししか理解できない)
make much of ~ (= value)
What do you make of the poem?
I could make nothing of it.
take account of him = take him into account (= consider)
He took advantage of the good weather to do some gardening. (~を利用する)
She gains[gets] an advantage over me in speaking Chinese. (~をしのぐ、~より勝る)
He had the advantage of knowing the language. (~という強みをもつ)
I take [have] (a) pride in my parents. (~を自慢する、誇りにする)
take [have, cast, get, give, shoot, steal, throw] a look at ~ (~を見る)
take a good [close] look at the paper.
No fault is found with his work. = We cannot find fault with his work. (= criticize)
give rise to misunderstandings (= cause)
Don't make fun of him because he cannot write his name. (~をからかう)
make little of ~ (~をけなす、少ししか理解できない)
make much of ~ (= value)
What do you make of the poem?
I could make nothing of it.
take account of him = take him into account (= consider)
動詞+前置詞、動詞+副詞
He takes after his father in disposition. (= resemble, 似ている)
The strain told on her. (= affect, 影響する)
I'll call at[in] her house tomorrow. (立ち寄る)
call for help (を声を上げて求める)
He called on Mrs.Winslow at her townhouse. (= visit)
How did the accident come about? (= happen)
He came across to us as honest. (~だと思われる)
Where did you come across the rare stamps? (出くわす、遭遇する)
You came across my mind. (= occur to)
The cat ran after a mouse. (= chase)
I'll talk the matter over with my father. (= discuss)
I can't think of my youth. (= remember)
get to the station (= reach)
get over the wall (乗り越える)
She got over her difficulties. (= overcome)
The law has gone through Parliament.
go through hardships (= experience)
part from one's friend (~と別れる)
provide for the future (= prepare for)
provide against the accident (= prepare against)
provide for a family (= support)
I am not referring to you. (~に言及する)
I referred to the company for his career. (~を参照する、~に問い合わせる)
That accounts for the accident. (= explain)
This adds to our troubles. (= increase)
allow for unexpected expenses (= consider)
UN stands for United Nations. (~を表す、意味する)
Please stand by me when the need arises. (= support)
The strain told on her. (= affect, 影響する)
I'll call at[in] her house tomorrow. (立ち寄る)
call for help (を声を上げて求める)
He called on Mrs.Winslow at her townhouse. (= visit)
How did the accident come about? (= happen)
He came across to us as honest. (~だと思われる)
Where did you come across the rare stamps? (出くわす、遭遇する)
You came across my mind. (= occur to)
The cat ran after a mouse. (= chase)
I'll talk the matter over with my father. (= discuss)
I can't think of my youth. (= remember)
get to the station (= reach)
get over the wall (乗り越える)
She got over her difficulties. (= overcome)
The law has gone through Parliament.
go through hardships (= experience)
part from one's friend (~と別れる)
provide for the future (= prepare for)
provide against the accident (= prepare against)
provide for a family (= support)
I am not referring to you. (~に言及する)
I referred to the company for his career. (~を参照する、~に問い合わせる)
That accounts for the accident. (= explain)
This adds to our troubles. (= increase)
allow for unexpected expenses (= consider)
UN stands for United Nations. (~を表す、意味する)
Please stand by me when the need arises. (= support)
look
look away from him
look carefully at her from behind
look in one's pocket for some money (= search one's pocket for some money)
I'm looking forward to seeing you.
Look after yourself.
look into his face (中をのぞく)
The police will look into the cause of the fire. (調査する、調べる = investigate)
He is looked up to as a pioneer. (尊敬する)
He is looked down on as a lier. (軽蔑する)
He always looks to me for help [ to help him].
look carefully at her from behind
look in one's pocket for some money (= search one's pocket for some money)
I'm looking forward to seeing you.
Look after yourself.
look into his face (中をのぞく)
The police will look into the cause of the fire. (調査する、調べる = investigate)
He is looked up to as a pioneer. (尊敬する)
He is looked down on as a lier. (軽蔑する)
He always looks to me for help [ to help him].
deal
She dealt out two oranges to each guest.
A judge should deal (out) justice to all.
He dealt seven cards to each of us.
He dealt me a sharp punch on the chin.
This shop deals in kitchen utensils.
His lecture dealt with air pollution.
I've dealt with this store for years.
A judge should deal (out) justice to all.
He dealt seven cards to each of us.
He dealt me a sharp punch on the chin.
This shop deals in kitchen utensils.
His lecture dealt with air pollution.
I've dealt with this store for years.
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